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Behavioral Design Pattern: State

This article was done using my notes from:

Alexander Shvets (2019), Dive into Design Patterns, Refactoring.Guru

State

State pattern allows an object to change the behavior when its internal state changes. The pattern extracts state-related behaviors into separate state classes and forces the original object to delegate the work to an instance of these classes, instead of acting on its own.

Structure

State

Code

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
)

type State interface {
	addItem(int) error
	requestItem() error
	insertMoney(money int) error
	dispenseItem() error
}

type VendingMachine struct {
	hasItem       State
	itemRequested State
	hasMoney      State
	noItem        State

	currentState State

	itemCount int
	itemPrice int
}

func newVendingMachine(itemCount, itemPrice int) *VendingMachine {
	v := &VendingMachine{
		itemCount: itemCount,
		itemPrice: itemPrice,
	}
	hasItemState := &HasItemState{
		vendingMachine: v,
	}
	itemRequestedState := &ItemRequestedState{
		vendingMachine: v,
	}
	hasMoneyState := &HasMoneyState{
		vendingMachine: v,
	}
	noItemState := &NoItemState{
		vendingMachine: v,
	}

	v.setState(hasItemState)
	v.hasItem = hasItemState
	v.itemRequested = itemRequestedState
	v.hasMoney = hasMoneyState
	v.noItem = noItemState
	return v
}

func (v *VendingMachine) requestItem() error {
	return v.currentState.requestItem()
}

func (v *VendingMachine) addItem(count int) error {
	return v.currentState.addItem(count)
}

func (v *VendingMachine) insertMoney(money int) error {
	return v.currentState.insertMoney(money)
}

func (v *VendingMachine) dispenseItem() error {
	return v.currentState.dispenseItem()
}

func (v *VendingMachine) setState(s State) {
	v.currentState = s
}

func (v *VendingMachine) incrementItemCount(count int) {
	fmt.Printf("Adding %d items\n", count)
	v.itemCount = v.itemCount + count
}

type NoItemState struct {
	vendingMachine *VendingMachine
}

func (i *NoItemState) requestItem() error {
	return fmt.Errorf("Item out of stock")
}

func (i *NoItemState) addItem(count int) error {
	i.vendingMachine.incrementItemCount(count)
	i.vendingMachine.setState(i.vendingMachine.hasItem)
	return nil
}

func (i *NoItemState) insertMoney(money int) error {
	return fmt.Errorf("Item out of stock")
}

func (i *NoItemState) dispenseItem() error {
	return fmt.Errorf("Item out of stock")
}

type HasItemState struct {
	vendingMachine *VendingMachine
}

func (i *HasItemState) requestItem() error {
	if i.vendingMachine.itemCount == 0 {
		i.vendingMachine.setState(i.vendingMachine.noItem)
		return fmt.Errorf("No item present")
	}
	fmt.Printf("Item requested\n")
	i.vendingMachine.setState(i.vendingMachine.itemRequested)
	return nil
}

func (i *HasItemState) addItem(count int) error {
	fmt.Printf("%d items added\n", count)
	i.vendingMachine.incrementItemCount(count)
	return nil
}

func (i *HasItemState) insertMoney(money int) error {
	return fmt.Errorf("Please select item first")
}

func (i *HasItemState) dispenseItem() error {
	return fmt.Errorf("Please select item first")
}

type ItemRequestedState struct {
	vendingMachine *VendingMachine
}

func (i *ItemRequestedState) requestItem() error {
	return fmt.Errorf("Item already requested")
}

func (i *ItemRequestedState) addItem(count int) error {
	return fmt.Errorf("Item Dispense in progress")
}

func (i *ItemRequestedState) insertMoney(money int) error {
	if money < i.vendingMachine.itemPrice {
		return fmt.Errorf("Inserted money is less. Please insert %d", i.vendingMachine.itemPrice)
	}
	fmt.Println("Money entered is ok")
	i.vendingMachine.setState(i.vendingMachine.hasMoney)
	return nil
}

func (i *ItemRequestedState) dispenseItem() error {
	return fmt.Errorf("Please insert money first")
}

type HasMoneyState struct {
	vendingMachine *VendingMachine
}

func (i *HasMoneyState) requestItem() error {
	return fmt.Errorf("Item dispense in progress")
}

func (i *HasMoneyState) addItem(count int) error {
	return fmt.Errorf("Item dispense in progress")
}

func (i *HasMoneyState) insertMoney(money int) error {
	return fmt.Errorf("Item out of stock")
}
func (i *HasMoneyState) dispenseItem() error {
	fmt.Println("Dispensing Item")
	i.vendingMachine.itemCount = i.vendingMachine.itemCount - 1
	if i.vendingMachine.itemCount == 0 {
		i.vendingMachine.setState(i.vendingMachine.noItem)
	} else {
		i.vendingMachine.setState(i.vendingMachine.hasItem)
	}
	return nil
}

func main() {
	vendingMachine := newVendingMachine(1, 10)

	err := vendingMachine.requestItem()
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf(err.Error())
	}

	err = vendingMachine.insertMoney(10)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf(err.Error())
	}

	err = vendingMachine.dispenseItem()
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf(err.Error())
	}

	fmt.Println()

	err = vendingMachine.addItem(2)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf(err.Error())
	}

	fmt.Println()

	err = vendingMachine.requestItem()
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf(err.Error())
	}

	err = vendingMachine.insertMoney(10)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf(err.Error())
	}

	err = vendingMachine.dispenseItem()
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf(err.Error())
	}
}